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Importantly, the eradication program would be greatly helped with the development of vaccines that allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (so-called DIVA vaccines), which would facilitate the control and surveillance programs in the vaccinated areas. Despite the fact that these vaccines generate protection, they present drawbacks that need addressing. The vaccines currently used in the field against PPRV are live attenuated vaccines. To achieve this, synergies must be produced between governments, researchers, companies and farmers ( 18).
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In 2014, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) considered PPRV the second animal pathogen candidate to be eradicated, establishing an eradication program aimed at 2030. Rinderpest virus (RPV) vaccination has shielded PPRV from visibility for years, as it provided partial protection against PPRV, but once RPV was eradicated and vaccination programs stopped in 2011 PPRV emergence became clearly evident. PPRV belongs to the genus Morbillivirus among which are included the important human pathogen measles virus (MV), as well as veterinary pathogens such as canine distemper virus (CDV), feline morbillivirus, dolphin and porpoise morbillivirus (DMV, PMV), phocine distemper virus (PDV), morbilli-like bat or rodents virus, and the eradicated rinderpest virus (RPV) Wild ruminants, such as gazelles, deer, roe deer, antelope can also be affected ( 3– 12), which consequently poses a further risk for the control and surveillance in vaccination programs. It is caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and affects mainly small domestic ruminants (sheep and goats) as well as camels, with serious economic loss especially in many countries of Africa and Asia ( 1, 2). This is framed within the One Health concept, in which animal health and human health are interdependent, and global strategies to prevent and control pathogens must be implemented.Īmong the diseases of relevance in animal health, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) stands out. But, precisely because we are living in a globalized world, in which pathogens jump more and more frequently from animals to humans, animal health should be a priority. The relevance and impact of a pandemic due to a human pathogen is not the same as that of diseases in ruminants. Since Jenner's time, vaccines have come a long way thanks to the development of knowledge and technology in molecular biology and immunology. We summarize in this review the current vaccination approaches against PPRV in the field, discussing their advantages and shortfalls, as well as the development and generation of new vaccination strategies, focusing on the potential use of adenovirus as vaccine platform against PPRV and more broadly against other ruminant pathogens.ĭue to the risk of viral escape mutants from antiviral treatments as well as the excessive use of antibiotics that causes the appearance of bacterial resistances, vaccination continues to be one of the best measures to prevent infectious diseases. Today, more than ever, as seen in the response to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic that we are currently experiencing, these goals are feasible. In order to carry out the eradication of PPRV, an objective set for 2030 by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), close collaboration between governments, pharmaceutical companies, farmers and researchers, among others, is needed. Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a virus that mainly infects goats and sheep causing significant economic loss in Africa and Asia, but also posing a serious threat to Europe, as recent outbreaks in Georgia (2016) and Bulgaria (2018) have been reported. Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.Rojas, Noemí Sevilla and Verónica Martín *